Cervical dystonia (CD) is the most frequent form of focal dystonia. Symptoms often result in
pain and functional disability. Local injections of botulinum neurotoxin are currently the …

Objective: The adverse events (AEs) with botulinum toxin type-A (BoNTA), used for
indications other than spasticity, are widely reported in the literature. However, the site …

This consensus paper is derived from a meeting of an international group of 19 neurological
rehabilitation specialists with a combined experience of more than 250 years (range 4–25 …

Cerebral palsy describes a group of disorders of movement and posture that result from
disturbances in the developing brain. Although the brain lesion is nonprogressive, the …

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of a vapocoolant spray and an eutectic mixture of local
anesthetics (EMLA) cream in reducing pain during needle electromyography examination …

Background and Objectives: Botulinum toxin injections are commonly used for the treatment
of spasticity. However, injection procedures are associated with pain and procedural …

Background: Post-spinal anesthesia back pain often initiates with needle insertion and may
persist for months, particularly among young women following cesarean section. Mechanical …

Objective To conduct a systematic review of the literature that examined the effect of
botulinum toxin type A on clonus. Data Sources A literature search of multiple databases …

No recommended guidelines currently exist for the therapeutic concentration or dose of
botulinum toxin type A (BTXA) injected into the muscle to treat limb spasticity. Therefore, in …

Botulinum toxin is now used for numerous indications including dystonias, spasticity,
cerebral palsy, hyperhidrosis, cosmetics and chronic migraine. It has to be injected into its …