Over the past two decades, bile acids (BAs) have become established as important
signaling molecules that enable fine-tuned inter-tissue communication from the liver, their …

Renal dysfunction is a common, life-threatening complication occurring in patients with liver
disease. Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) has been defined as a purely “functional” type of …

Objective Patients with renal failure suffer from symptoms caused by uraemic toxins,
possibly of gut microbial origin, as deduced from studies in animals. The aim of the study is …

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication in critically ill patients and subsequently
worsens outcomes. Although many drugs to prevent and treat AKI have shown benefits in …

The occurrence of acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients with end-stage liver disease
constitutes one of the most challenging clinical scenarios in in-hospital and critical care …

Background & Aims Type 1 hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) is the most high-risk type of renal
failure in patients with cirrhosis. Terlipressin and albumin are effective treatments for type 1 …

The frequency of acquired liver injury and failure in critical illness has been significantly
increasing over recent decades. Currently, liver injury and failure are observed in up to 20 …

Background and Aims Cholestatic liver injury leads to cell death and subsequent
inflammation and fibrosis. As shown for primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), the mechanisms …

Background & Aims Cholemic nephropathy (CN) is a severe complication of cholestatic liver
diseases for which there is no specific treatment. We revisited its pathophysiology with the …

Hepatic failure is commonly associated with anemia, which may result from gastrointestinal
bleeding, vitamin deficiency, or liver‐damaging diseases, such as infection and alcohol …