Postural instability is one of the cardinal signs in Parkinson's disease (PD). It can be present
even at diagnosis, but becomes more prevalent and worsens with disease progression. It …

The pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease is reviewed in light of recent advances in the
understanding of the functional organization of the basal ganglia (BG). Current emphasis is …

The demonstration that dopamine loss is the key pathological feature of Parkinson's disease
(PD), and the subsequent introduction of levodopa have revolutionalized the field of PD …

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) and internal globus pallidus
(GPi) deep brain stimulation (DBS) provides an efficient treatment for the alleviation of motor …

The pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPN) is a neurochemically and functionally
heterogeneous structure that occupies a strategic position in the dorsal tegmentum of the …

Recently, the pedunculopontine nucleus has been highlighted as a target for deep brain
stimulation for the treatment of freezing of postural instability and gait disorders in …

The physiopathology of gait and balance disorders in Parkinson's disease patients is still
poorly understood. Levodopa treatment and subthalamic nucleus (STN) stimulation improve …

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has proven to be capable of providing significant benefits for
several neuropathologies. It is highly effective in reducing the motor symptoms of …

Gait and balance disorders are the major source of motor disabilities in advanced forms of
Parkinson's disease (PD). Low-frequency stimulation of the pedunculopontine nucleus area …

Between 2005 and 2007, six patients affected by idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD) were
submitted to the bilateral implantation (and subsequent deep brain stimulation—DBS) of the …