During Parkinson's disease (PD), both the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral
nervous system (PNS) are affected. In parallel, innate immune cells respond early to …

Orthostatic hypotension is an unusually large decrease in blood pressure on standing that
increases the risk of adverse outcomes even when asymptomatic. Improvements in …

Importance The prodromal phase of Parkinson disease (PD) may last for more than 10
years. Recognition of the spectrum and occurrence of risk factors, comorbidities, and …

Vinpocetine (VPN) is an ethyl apovincaminate that has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant
effects by inhibiting the expression of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and …

Background Increasing evidence suggests that patients with Parkinson's disease (PD)
present with peripheral autonomic dysfunction (AutD) that even precedes motor deficits …

Idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD) may take decades to develop, during which many risk or
protective factors may come into play to initiate the pathogenesis or modify its progression to …

Parkinson's disease (PD) often shows disrupted brain connectivity and autonomic
dysfunctions, progressing alongside with motor and cognitive decline. Recently, PD has …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complex progressive neurodegenerative disease associated
with aging. Its main pathological feature is the degeneration and loss of dopaminergic …

Because of the brain's complexity, developing effective treatments for neurological disorders
is a formidable challenge. Research efforts to this end are advancing as in vitro systems …

In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in studying brain–heart interactions.
Methodological advancements have been proposed to investigate how the brain and the …