Purpose The theory of the developmental origins of health and disease hypothesizes that
low birth weight (≤ 5.5 lb) indicative of poor fetal growth is associated with an increased risk …

A systematic review of the literature was performed in July 2011. Original papers based on
longitudinal studies measuring spine, femoral neck, or total body bone mass by DXA were …

It is well established that altered maternal nutrition may induce long-term metabolic
consequences in offspring. However, the effects of maternal undernutrition during different …

Most vertebrates are precocial in locomotion, able to walk and run soon after birth.
Precociality requires a bony skeleton of sufficient strength to resist mechanical loading …

There is growing evidence that bone health may be programmed in the first years of life.
Factors during the prenatal period, especially maternal nutrition, may have an influence on …

There is growing evidence that early growth influences bone mass in later life but most
studies are limited to birth weight and/or early infant growth and dual‐energy X‐ray …

Background Children and adults born very low birthweight (VLBW,< 1500 g) at preterm
gestations have lower bone mineral density (BMD) and/or bone mineral content (BMC) than …

Epidemiologic investigations suggest that excessive intake of caffeine during pregnancy is
one of the risk factors for osteoporosis in adult offspring. However, the phenomena and …

We have found that early‐life exposures are associated with areal bone mineral density
(aBMD) at ages 8 and 16 years. This study aimed to assess whether these associations …

The effects of perinatal nutrition on offspring physiology have mostly been examined in
young adult animals. Aging constitutes a risk factor for the progressive loss of metabolic …