Discoveries in fruit flies have greatly contributed to our understanding of neuroscience. The
use of an unparalleled wealth of tools, many of which originated between 1910–1960, has …

A significant challenge for neuroscientists is to determine how both electrical and chemical
signals affect the activity of cells and circuits and how the nervous system subsequently …

Brain function is mediated by neural circuit connectivity, and elucidating the role of
connections is aided by techniques to block their output. We developed cell-type-selective …

The rewarding properties of drugs contribute to the development of abuse and addiction. We
developed a new assay for investigating the motivational properties of ethanol in the …

Unlike most organ systems, which have evolved to maintain homeostasis, the brain has
been selected to sense and adapt to environmental stimuli by constantly altering interactions …

Background In mammals and humans, noradrenaline is a key modulator of aggression.
Octopamine, a closely related biogenic amine, has been proposed to have a similar function …

Despite its ubiquity and significance, behavioral habituation is poorly understood in terms of
the underlying neural circuit mechanisms. Here, we present evidence that habituation arises …

Omnivores, including humans, have an inborn tendency to avoid noxious or unfamiliar
foods. Such defensive foraging behaviors are modifiable, however, in response to …

Hunger elicits diverse, yet coordinated, adaptive responses across species, but the
underlying signaling mechanism remains poorly understood. Here, we report on the function …

Learning and memory is not an attribute of higher animals. Even Drosophila larvae are able
to form and recall an association of a given odor with an aversive or appetitive gustatory …