Why do certain countries display high gender equalities while others display low gender
equalities? To what extent does gender equality foster economic growth and development …

Abstract A'Hearn, Delfino, and Nuvolari recently argued in this journal that the indicator
function of age heaping for education, and numeracy in particular, is quite limited. In …

The quality of age reporting in Ireland worsened in the years after the 1845–1852 Great Irish
Famine, even as measures of educational attainment improved. We show how Ireland's age …

In this chapter, we provide comprehensive insights into the implementation and the use of
the age-heaping method. Age heaping can be applied to approximate basic numerical skills …

In many slave societies, enslaved persons were barred from acquiring much education.
What skills the enslaved persons nonetheless were able to acquire, and how this changed …

The relationship between gender and mortality in nineteenth-century Europe has been
highly debated. In particular, historians disagree about the manner and degree to which …

This paper provides new evidence on the geography of literacy rates in pre-unitary Italy. I
provide direct estimates based on a novel and balanced random sample of marriage …

Human capital can be defined as the set of knowledge and skills that individuals accumulate
over time. These range from basic competences to more sophisticated forms of knowledge …

Human capital, and numerical abilities in particular, are a crucial resource for economic
development, but measuring numeracy is a major challenge. The Spanish Inquisition offers …

This note is a rejoinder to Baten, Benati, and Ferber. We reiterate that, on close inspection,
nineteenth‐century Italian census data contain a number of anomalies that sit uncomfortably …