Executive functions (EFs) include high-order cognitive abilities such as working memory,
inhibitory control, cognitive flexibility, planning, reasoning, and problem solving. EFs enable …

Deep learning and predictive coding architectures commonly assume that inference in
neural networks is hierarchical. However, largely neglected in deep learning and predictive …

Nearly 40 years of research on the function of the nucleus accumbens (NAc) has provided a
wealth of information on its contributions to behavior but has also yielded controversies and …

This article is part of a Special Issue “Parental Care”. Mother–infant bonding is a
characteristic of virtually all mammals. The maternal neural system may have provided the …

The striatal and pallidal complexes are basal ganglia structures that orchestrate learning
and execution of flexible behavior. Models of how the basal ganglia subserve these …

This article reviews the anatomical connections of the paraventricular nucleus of the
thalamus (PVT) and discusses some of the connections by which the PVT could influence …

This Perspective will examine the organization of intrastriatal circuitry, review recent findings
in this area, and discuss how the pattern of connectivity between striatal neurons might give …

The mesolimbic dopamine system—which originates in the ventral tegmental area and
projects to the striatum—has been shown to be involved in the expression of sex-specific …

The prevailing view in the field of adolescent brain development is that heightened activity in
the mesolimbic dopaminergic reward system serves as a liability, orienting adolescents …

Drug addiction is increasingly viewed as the endpoint of a series of transitions from initial
drug use—when a drug is voluntarily taken because it has reinforcing, often hedonic, effects …