What role did the closing of the Central American Seaway play in enabling continental ice
sheets to wax and wane over North America and Fennoscandia? A summary of relevant …

The past decade saw a surge in interest in the role of the Tropics in paleoclimate changes.
This was motivated by the emergence of outstanding questions in paleoclimate that pointed …

There exists a range of subsystems in the climate system exhibiting threshold behaviour
which could be triggered under global warming within this century resulting in severe …

The late Miocene offers the opportunity to assess the sensitivity of the Earth's climate to
orbital forcing and to changing boundary conditions, such as ice volume and greenhouse …

El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the strongest mode of interannual climate variability
in the current climate, influencing ecosystems, agriculture, and weather systems across the …

Abstract The “Panama Hypothesis” states that the gradual closure of the Panama Seaway,
between 13 million years ago (13 Ma) and 2.6 Ma, led to decreased mixing of Atlantic and …

We show that the well‐known failure of any single index to capture the diversity and
extremes of El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) results from the inability of existing indices …

The climate of the tropics and surrounding regions is defined by pronounced zonal (east–
west) and meridional (equator to mid-latitudes) gradients in sea surface temperature. These …

The Pliocene Epoch, 5.33–2.58 million years ago (Ma), was a generally warmer and wetter
interval with atmospheric CO2-concentrations at or slightly above modern levels. This paper …

Given the importance of upwelling processes to coastal productivity and regional climate, it
is critical to study the role of upwelling regions within the context of global climate change …