Secretory IgA (SIgA) is the dominant antibody class in mucosal secretions. The majority of
plasma cells producing IgA are located within mucosal membranes lining the intestines …

Antibodies are essential components of an adaptive immune response. Immunoglobulin G
(IgG) is the most common type of antibody found in circulation and extracellular fluids …

The success of vaccines is dependent on the generation and maintenance of immunological
memory. The immune system can remember previously encountered pathogens, and …

Background & Aims Given that gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms are a prominent
extrapulmonary manifestation of COVID-19, we investigated intestinal infection with SARS …

The holobiont (host with its endocellular and extracellular microbiome) can function as a
distinct biological entity, an additional organismal level to the ones previously considered …

Humoral immune responses at mucosal surfaces have historically focused on IgA. Growing
evidence highlights the complexity of IgA-inducing pathways and the functional impact of IgA …

Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is a pleiotropic cytokine involved in both suppressive
and inflammatory immune responses. After 30 years of intense study, we have only begun to …

The immune system plays a critical role in our health. No other component of human
physiology plays a decisive role in as diverse an array of maladies, from deadly diseases …

Abstract The approved Pfizer and Moderna mRNA vaccines are well known to induce serum
antibody responses to the SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S)-protein. However, their abilities to elicit …

Cyclophosphamide (CTX), used in cancer chemotherapy, a high dose of which would cause
immunosuppressive effect and intestinal mucosa damage. American ginseng (Panax …