Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have reshaped cancer therapy. ICIs enhance T cell
activation through various mechanisms and may help reverse the exhausted phenotype of …

Background Sarcopenia (loss of muscle mass) is common in cirrhosis and is associated with
poor outcomes. Current teaching recommends the use of protein supplementation and …

With aging and other muscle wasting diseases, men and women undergo similar
pathological changes in skeletal muscle: increased inflammation, enhanced oxidative …

Background & Aims Low testosterone and sarcopenia are common in men with cirrhosis and
both are associated with increased mortality. Whether testosterone therapy in cirrhosis …

Background Recent studies have reported a high prevalence of relative adrenal
insufficiency in patients with liver cirrhosis. However, the effect of corticosteroid replacement …

Serum testosterone is reduced in up to 90% of men with cirrhosis, with levels falling as liver
disease advances. Testosterone is an important anabolic hormone, with effects on muscle …

Sarcopenia (loss of muscle mass and/or strength) frequently complicates liver cirrhosis and
adversely affects the quality of life; cirrhosis related liver decompensation and significantly …

The prevalence of relative adrenal insufficiency (RAI) in critically ill cirrhosis patients with
severe sepsis is over 60% and associated features include poor liver function, renal failure …

In patients with cirrhosis, adrenal insufficiency (AI) is reported during sepsis and septic
shock and is associated with increased mortality. Consequently, the term “hepato‐adrenal …

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Adrenal insufficiency is a common disorder among cirrhotic
patients. Adrenal function is usually assessed with serum total cortisol assays. Free cortisol …