Genetically encoded, single-component optogenetic tools have made a significant impact on
neuroscience, enabling specific modulation of selected cells within complex neural tissues …

Channelrhodopsins (ChRs) are directly light-gated ion channels that function as sensory
photoreceptors in flagellated green algae, allowing these algae to identify optimal light …

Using light to silence electrical activity in targeted cells is a major goal of optogenetics.
Available optogenetic proteins that directly move ions to achieve silencing are inefficient …

Channelrhodopsins such as channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) can drive spiking with millisecond
precision in a wide variety of cells, tissues and animal species. However, several properties …

Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) has become an indispensable tool in neuroscience, allowing
precise induction of action potentials with short light pulses. A limiting factor for many …

The field of optogenetics uses channelrhodopsins (ChRs) for light-induced neuronal
activation. However, optimized tools for cellular inhibition at moderate light levels are …

Voltage-gated proton channels (HV) are unique, in part because the ion they conduct is
unique. HV channels are perfectly selective for protons and have a very small unitary …

Auditory prostheses can partially restore speech comprehension when hearing fails. Sound
coding with current prostheses is based on electrical stimulation of auditory neurons and …

Channelrhodopsin-2 is a light-gated ion channel and a major tool of optogenetics. It is used
to control neuronal activity via blue light. Here we describe the construction of color-tuned …

The new and vibrant field of optogenetics was founded by the seminal discovery of
channelrhodopsin, the first light-gated cation channel. Despite the numerous applications …