NASA's plans for space exploration include a return to the Moon to stay—boots back on the
lunar surface with an orbital outpost. This station will be a launch point for voyages to …

The carcinogenic risk from space radiation has always been a health risk issue of great
concern during space exploration. In recent years, a large number of cellular and animal …

The complex physical and chemical reactions between the large number of low-energy (0–
30 eV) electrons (LEEs) released by high energy radiation interacting with genetic material …

During space missions, astronauts are faced with a variety of challenges that are unique to
spaceflight and that have been known to cause physiological changes in humans over a …

Although we have sent humans into space for more than 50 years crucial questions
regarding kidney physiology, volume regulation and osmoregulation remain unanswered …

Oxidative stress has been considered to be closely related to spaceflight‐induced bone loss;
however, mechanism is elusive and there are no effective countermeasures. Using cultured …

Heavy ion radiation, prevalent in outer space and relevant for radiotherapy, is densely
ionizing and poses risk to stem cells that are key to intestinal homeostasis. Currently, the …

In space, the special conditions of hypogravity and exposure to cosmic radiation have
substantial differences compared to terrestrial circumstances, and a multidimensional impact …

As noted by Durante and Cucinotta (2008), cancer risk caused by exposure to space
radiation is now generally considered a main hindrance to interplanetary travel for the …

The space environment consists of a complex mixture of different types of ionizing radiation
and altered gravity that represents a threat to humans during space missions. In particular …