The Urey ratio describes the contribution of internal heat production to planetary‐scale
energy balance, and knowing this thermal budget for Earth is essential to understand its …

Seismological images of the Earth's mantle reveal three distinct changes in velocity
structure, at depths of 410, 660 and 2,700 km. The first two are best explained by mineral …

Background Reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) has become the
primary method to diagnose viral diseases, including severe acute respiratory syndrome …

An Introduction to Seismology, Earthquakes and Earth Structures is an introduction to
seismology and its role in the earth sciences, and is written for advanced undergraduate and …

The structure of the earth has been extensively studied using seismic waves generated by
natural earthquakes and man-made sources. In classical seismology, the earth is …

Seismic tomography based on P-wave travel times and improved earthquake locations
provides further evidence for mantle-wide convective flow. The use of body waves makes it …

Consideration of petrology, geochemistry, and mineral physics suggests that ancient
subducted oceanic crusts cannot be the source materials supplying ocean island basalts …

We develop and apply a full waveform inversion method that incorporates seismic data on a
wide range of spatio-temporal scales, thereby constraining the details of both crustal and …

Tomographic imaging indicates that slabs of subducted lithosphere can sink deep into
Earth's lower mantle. The view that convective flow is stratified at 660-kilometer depth and …

Phase transformations in mantle mineralogies probably cause the transition zone seismic
discontinuities, nominally at 410, 520, and 660 km depth. Thermodynamic principles govern …