Introduction Environmental factors play a significant role in the pathogenesis and
progression of multiple sclerosis (MS), either acting alone or by interacting with other …

Cigarette smoking is the most prominent significant cause of death and morbidity. It is
recognised as a risk factor for a number of immune mediated, inflammatory diseases …

The management of multiple sclerosis (MS) has been a neurology success story for the past
25 years. Advances in understanding of the disease mechanisms and the dynamic nature of …

There is increasing evidence suggesting that Epstein-Barr virus infection is a causative
factor of multiple sclerosis (MS). Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a human herpesvirus, Human …

Background: The clinical manifestation of multiple sclerosis (MS) is highly variable. Factors
influencing phenotypic heterogeneity are not well known since most studies have relied on …

Objective To examine the association between socioeconomic status (SES) and disability
outcomes and progression in multiple sclerosis (MS). Methods Health administrative and MS …

Objective To determine whether comorbidity is associated with clinical (relapses, disability
worsening) and MRI outcomes in multiple sclerosis (MS) by conducting a secondary …

Tobacco smoke is an important modifiable environmental risk factor for multiple sclerosis
(MS) risk. The population attributable fraction (AF) of MS due to smoking can be used to …

The negative impact of smoking in multiple sclerosis is well established; however, there is
much less evidence as to whether smoking cessation is beneficial to progression in multiple …

Background Persons with Multiple Sclerosis (pwMS) follow individual strategies to cope with
this highly heterogeneous disease. As surveys show, lifestyle habits play an important role …