Causality is a complex concept, which roots its developments across several fields, such as
statistics, economics, epidemiology, computer science, and philosophy. In recent years, the …

Program evaluation methods are widely applied in economics to assess the effects of policy
interventions and other treatments of interest. In this article, we describe the main …

Abstract The Carbon Emission Trading Scheme is generally considered an important market-
oriented environmental policy tool aiming at carbon abatement. Therefore, the government …

The Effect: An Introduction to Research Design and Causality is about research design,
specifically concerning research that uses observational data to make a causal inference. It …

Probably because of their interpretability and transparent nature, synthetic controls have
become widely applied in empirical research in economics and the social sciences. This …

We use the synthetic control method to analyze the effect of face masks on the spread of
COVID-19 in Germany. Our identification approach exploits regional variation in the point in …

Synthetic control methods are commonly applied in empirical research to estimate the
effects of treatments or interventions on aggregate outcomes. A synthetic control estimator …

The carbon trading policy seeks to control carbon emissions by putting a price on carbon
emissions and establishing a corresponding carbon market for trading. It is a significant …

Using China's province-level panel data from 2001 to 2019 and the unexpected super
efficiency MetaFrontier-Malmquist model (MinDS) to compute the super efficiency MinDS …

We present a new estimator for causal effects with panel data that builds on insights behind
the widely used difference-in-differences and synthetic control methods. Relative to these …