Type 2 immunity is characterized by the production of IL-4, IL-5, IL-9 and IL-13, and this
immune response is commonly observed in tissues during allergic inflammation or infection …

Type 2 immune responses are defined by the cytokines interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5, IL-9 and IL-
13, which can either be host protective or have pathogenic activity. Type 2 immunity …

Fibrosis is defined by the overgrowth, hardening, and/or scarring of various tissues and is
attributed to excess deposition of extracellular matrix components including collagen …

Abstract Interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 were discovered approximately 30 years ago and were
immediately linked to allergy and atopic diseases. Since then, new roles for IL-4 and IL-13 …

Tissue fibrosis (scarring) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Current treatments for
fibrotic disorders, such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, hepatic fibrosis and systemic …

Pulmonary fibrosis and architectural remodeling of tissues can severely disrupt lung
function, often with fatal consequences. The etiology of pulmonary fibrotic diseases is varied …

A novel paradigm in tumor biology suggests that cancer growth is driven by stem-like cells
within a tumor. Here, we describe the identification and characterization of such cells from …

Important insights have recently been gained in our understanding of how host immune
responses mediate resistance to parasitic helminths and control associated pathological …

Fibrosis is the production of excessive amounts of connective tissue, ie, scar formation, in
the course of reactive and reparative processes. Fibrosis develops as a consequence of …

Immune regulation by parasites is a global concept that includes suppression, diversion,
and conversion of the host immune response to the benefit of the pathogen. While many …