Genetically engineered (GE) crops producing insecticidal proteins from Bacillus
thuringiensis (Bt)(mainly Cry proteins) have become a major control tactic for a number of …

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) microbial pesticides have a 50-year history of safety in agriculture.
Cry proteins are among the active insecticidal ingredients in these pesticides, and genes …

Transgenic cotton that produced one or more insecticidal proteins of Bacillus thuringiensis
(Bt) was planted on over 15 million hectares in 11 countries in 2009 and has contributed to a …

This paper provides recommendations on experimental design for early-tier laboratory
studies used in risk assessments to evaluate potential adverse impacts of arthropod …

With 20% of the world's population but just 7% of the arable land, China has invested
heavily in crop biotechnology to increase agricultural productivity. We examine research on …

The potential hazards posed by RNA interference (RNAi)–based pesticides and genetically
modified crops to nontarget organisms include off-target gene silencing, silencing the target …

Crop plants exhibit a wide diversity of defensive traits and strategies to protect themselves
from damage by herbivorous pests and disease. These defensive traits may be naturally …

Insects do not live in isolation. They interact with the abiotic environment and are major
components of the terrestrial and freshwater biotic milieus. They are crucial to so many …

RNA interference (RNAi)-based pesticides are promising novel pest management products
that might reduce environmental impacts compared to other pesticides. Their sequence …

The use of mixtures of transgenic insecticidal seed and nontransgenic seed to provide an in-
field refuge for susceptible insects in insect-resistance-management (IRM) plans has been …