Hypoxia is an ever increasing threat to aquatic systems. While fluctuating levels of dissolved
oxygen (DO) can be a natural phenomenon, hypoxia caused by eutrophication and organic …

This chapter outlines the relationships between a number of key factors that influence
learning and memory, and illustrates them by reference to studies on the foraging behaviour …

Predators and food are the keys to understanding fish shoals; synchronised co-operation
defeats predators, and optimal food gathering in shoals reflects a shifting balance between …

It is well documented that animals take risk of predation into account when making decisions
about how to behave in particular situations, often trading-off risk against opportunities for …

Recent experiments have demonstrated the adaptive advantages of schooling behaviour
during predator defence. Fish in schools benefit from increased vigilance and, as a …

Schools of fish, flocks of birds, and swarms of insects are examples of three-dimensional
aggregation. Covering both invertebrate and vertebrate species, the authors investigate this …

Explaining consistent variation in the behaviour of individuals in terms of personality
differences is one of the cornerstones of understanding human behaviour but is seldom …

Zebrafish has been a favourite of developmental biologists and numerous genetic tools
have been developed for this species. In recent years, zebrafish has become an …

Prey often respond to predator presence by increasing their use of refuges. However,
unfavorable thermal conditions in refuges might entail physiological costs for an ectothermic …

In many animals, individual differences in behavior show remarkable consistency across
situations and contexts (ie, animal personality and behavioral syndromes). Studies on the …