Deimatic behaviours, also referred to as startle behaviours, are used against predators and
rivals. Although many are spectacular, their proximate and ultimate causes remain unclear …

Insects have evolved various types of antipredator defenses. For example, many insects
have evolved crypsis, and exhibit cryptic body colors and shapes for hiding from predators …

Aposematic coloration is commonly considered to signal unpalatability, yet animals
advertise malodour, spines, and weaponry as well as toxins, some of which can be seen at a …

Beetle's elytra provide elaborate microstructural designs to achieve functional synergies in
face of external environments. Natural design strategies can provide effective solutions to …

Robust body armor is one of many anti-predator strategies used among animal taxa. The
exoskeleton of insects can serve as the secondary defense mechanism in combination with …

The cuticle plays an important role in the evolutionary success of insects. Many studies on
insect cuticles have reported a soft, resilin-rich endocuticle. However, a recent study …

The exoskeleton of nearly all insects consists of a flexible core and a stiff shell. The transition
between these two is often characterized by a gradual change in the stiffness. However, the …

Enhanced attachment ability is common in plants on islands to avoid potential fatal passive
dispersal. However, whether island insects also have increased attachment ability remains …

Uropeltid snakes (Family Uropeltidae) are non-venomous, fossorial snakes that are found
above ground occasionally, during which time they are exposed to predation. Many species …

Two new species of Metapocyrtus Heller, 1912, subgenus Orthocyrtus Heller, 1912
(Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae, Pachyrhynchini) are described and illustrated from …