Abstract The Southern Annular Mode (SAM) is the leading mode of extratropical Southern
Hemisphere climate variability, associated with changes in the strength and position of the …

The stratosphere, the layer of the atmosphere at heights between 10-50 km, is an important
source of variability for the weather and climate at the Earth's surface on timescales of weeks …

This chapter assesses the causes of observed changes assessed in Chapters 2 to 5 and
uses understanding of physical processes, climate models and statistical approaches. The …

This chapter assesses the scientific literature describing expectations for near-term climate
(present through mid-century). Unless otherwise stated," near-term" change and the …

Brohan, P., JJ Kennedy, I. Harris, SFB Tett, and PD Jones, 2006: Uncertainty estimates in
regional and global observed temperature changes: A new data set from 1850. J. Geophys …

Uncertainty in future climate change presents a key challenge for adaptation planning. In
this study, uncertainty arising from internal climate variability is investigated using a new 40 …

Anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases have driven and
will continue to drive widespread climate change at the Earth's surface. But surface climate …

Observations reveal a poleward expansion of the tropics in recent decades, implying a
potential role of human activity. However, although theory and modelling suggest increasing …

The importance of stratospheric ozone depletion on the atmospheric circulation of the
troposphere is studied with an atmospheric general circulation model, the Community …

Southern Australia's rainfall is highly variable and influenced by factors across scales from
synoptic weather to large‐scale circulation and remote climate modes of variability …