[HTML][HTML] A survey on question answering systems with classification

A Mishra, SK Jain - Journal of King Saud University-Computer and …, 2016 - Elsevier
Question answering systems (QASs) generate answers of questions asked in natural
languages. Early QASs were developed for restricted domains and have limited capabilities …

[PDF][PDF] An overview of machine learning in chatbots

P Suta, X Lan, B Wu, P Mongkolnam… - International Journal of …, 2020 - ijmerr.com
A chatbot is an intelligent system which can hold a conversation with a human using natural
language in real time. Due to the rise of Internet usage, many businesses now use online …

An introduction to deep learning in natural language processing: Models, techniques, and tools

I Lauriola, A Lavelli, F Aiolli - Neurocomputing, 2022 - Elsevier
Abstract Natural Language Processing (NLP) is a branch of artificial intelligence that
involves the design and implementation of systems and algorithms able to interact through …

A deep look into neural ranking models for information retrieval

J Guo, Y Fan, L Pang, L Yang, Q Ai, H Zamani… - Information Processing …, 2020 - Elsevier
Ranking models lie at the heart of research on information retrieval (IR). During the past
decades, different techniques have been proposed for constructing ranking models, from …

[PDF][PDF] Chatbots: are they really useful?

BA Shawar, E Atwell - Journal for Language Technology and Computational …, 2007 - jlcl.org
Chatbots sind Computerprogramme, die mit Benutzern in natürlicher Sprache
kommunizieren. Die ersten Programme gab es in den 60er Jahren; das Ziel war …

[图书][B] Handbook of natural language processing

N Indurkhya, FJ Damerau - 2010 - taylorfrancis.com
The Handbook of Natural Language Processing, Second Edition presents practical tools
and techniques for implementing natural language processing in computer systems. Along …

MEANS: A medical question-answering system combining NLP techniques and semantic Web technologies

AB Abacha, P Zweigenbaum - Information processing & management, 2015 - Elsevier
Abstract The Question Answering (QA) task aims to provide precise and quick answers to
user questions from a collection of documents or a database. This kind of IR system is sorely …

A survey on question answering systems over linked data and documents

E Dimitrakis, K Sgontzos, Y Tzitzikas - Journal of intelligent information …, 2020 - Springer
Question Answering (QA) systems aim at supplying precise answers to questions, posed by
users in a natural language form. They are used in a wide range of application areas, from …

A survey of paraphrasing and textual entailment methods

I Androutsopoulos, P Malakasiotis - Journal of Artificial Intelligence …, 2010 - jair.org
Paraphrasing methods recognize, generate, or extract phrases, sentences, or longer natural
language expressions that convey almost the same information. Textual entailment …

A survey on question answering technology from an information retrieval perspective

O Kolomiyets, MF Moens - Information Sciences, 2011 - Elsevier
This article provides a comprehensive and comparative overview of question answering
technology. It presents the question answering task from an information retrieval perspective …