The Andes are the world's most biodiverse mountain chain, encompassing a complex array
of ecosystems from tropical rainforests to alpine habitats. We provide a synthesis of Andean …

Mountain regions are unusually biodiverse, with rich aggregations of small-ranged species
that form centers of endemism. Mountains play an array of roles for Earth's biodiversity and …

Origins of an alpine flora The evolution of high mountain floras is strongly influenced by
tectonic and climatic history. Ding et al. document the timing, tempo, and mode by which the …

The genus Oryza is a model system for the study of molecular evolution over time scales
ranging from a few thousand to 15 million years. Using 13 reference genomes spanning the …

The American tropics (the Neotropics) are the most species-rich realm on Earth, and for
centuries, scientists have attempted to understand the origins and evolution of their …

Mountains are arguably Earth's most striking features. They play a major role in determining
global and regional climates, are the source of most rivers, act as cradles, barriers and …

A common hypothesis for the rich biodiversity found in mountains is uplift-driven
diversification—that orogeny creates conditions favoring rapid in situ speciation of resident …

The process of adaptive radiation—the proliferation of species from a single ancestor and
diversification into many ecologically different forms—has been of great interest to …

Summary The tropical Andes of South America, the world's richest biodiversity hotspot, are
home to many rapid radiations. While geological, climatic, and ecological processes …

Studying the genetics of adaptation to new environments in ecologically and industrially
important tree species is currently a major research line in the fields of plant science and …