The past decade has witnessed exponentially growing interest in the lateral habenula (LHb)
owing to new discoveries relating to its critical role in regulating negatively motivated …

Neurons in the mammalian brain are not limited to releasing a single neurotransmitter but
often release multiple neurotransmitters onto postsynaptic cells. Here, we review recent …

Chronic stress is a major risk factor for depression onset. However, it remains unclear how
repeated stress sculpts neural circuits and finally elicits depression. Given the essential role …

The ventral pallidum (VP) lies at the interface between sensory, motor, and cognitive
processing—with a particular role in mounting behavioral responses to rewards. Though the …

The basal ganglia (BG) integrate inputs from diverse sensorimotor, limbic, and associative
regions to guide action-selection and goal-directed behaviors. The entopeduncular nucleus …

The lateral habenula (LHb) is an epithalamic brain structure critical for processing and
adapting to negative action outcomes. However, despite the importance of LHb to behavior …

Inappropriate and pathological aggression plays a leading role in the suffering and death of
millions of people, and further places an untenable strain on the caregivers and families of …

A sudden aversive event produces escape behaviors, an innate response essential for
survival in virtually all-animal species. Nuclei including the lateral habenula (LHb), the …

There has been a growing interest in understanding the role of the lateral habenula (LHb) in
reward processing, affect regulation, and goal-directed behaviors. The LHb gets major …

For decades, it has been thought that glutamate and GABA are released by distinct neurons.
However, some mouse neurons innervating the lateral habenula (LHb) co-release …