All mammals are characterized by the ability of females to produce milk. Marsupial
(metatherian) and monotreme (prototherian) young are born in a highly altricial state and …

Macropods play an important ecological role in the Australian environment; however, at high
population densities can adversely affect biodiversity and primary production and result in …

Fitness costs of reproduction are expected when resources are limited. Costs drive the
evolution of life‐history strategies and can affect population dynamics if females change …

Concern over rapid environmental shifts associated with climate change has led to a search
for molecular markers of environmental tolerance. Climate‐associated gene expression …

Although it is widely stated that both mating behavior and sperm traits are energetically
costly for males, we currently lack empirical estimates of the relative costs to males of pre …

Regeneration of lost appendages is a gradual process in many species, spreading
energetic costs of regeneration through time. Energy allocated to the regeneration of lost …

The post‐embryonic developmental processes of regeneration and asexual agametic
reproduction are widespread and often co‐occur in animals. These traits are of great …

Moulting is a crucial, yet often overlooked life-history stage in many animals, when they
renew their integumental structures. This life-history stage is an energetically demanding …

When resources are limited, organisms face allocation conflicts. Indeterminate growth
creates a persistent conflict with reproduction, as growth may enhance future reproduction …

Environmental variation affects foraging decisions and resources available for allocation
among competing life-history traits. In seasonal environments, variation in breeding …