In 1995, the nuclear hormone orphan receptor farnesoid X receptor (FXR, NR1H4) was
identified as a farnesol receptor expressed mainly in liver, kidney, and adrenal gland of rats …

Bile acids are the end products of cholesterol catabolism. Hepatic bile acid synthesis
accounts for a major fraction of daily cholesterol turnover in humans. Biliary secretion of bile …

Bile acids are important physiological agents for intestinal nutrient absorption and biliary
secretion of lipids, toxic metabolites, and xenobiotics. Bile acids also are signaling …

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a eukaryotic organelle that plays important roles in
protein synthesis, folding and trafficking, calcium homoeostasis and lipid and steroid …

Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is a steroid bile acid approved for primary biliary cirrhosis
(PBC). UDCA is reported to have “hepato-protective properties”. Yet, UDCA has …

Bile acids are the end products of cholesterol catabolism. Hepatic bile acid synthesis
accounts for a major fraction of daily cholesterol turnover in humans. Biliary secretion of bile …

Hepatic fibrosis is commonly diagnosed in dogs, often as a sequela to chronic hepatitis
(CH). The development of fibrosis is a crucial event in the progression of hepatic disease …

Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is a cholestatic disease associated with autoimmune
phenomena and alterations in both biliary bicarbonate excretion and expression of the …

The secondary bile acid ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) has long been known to have
medicinal properties. As the therapeutically active component of bear bile, it has been used …

Fructooligosaccharide (FOS) is a widely used prebiotic and health food ingredient, but few
reports have focused on its risk to specific populations. Recently, it has been shown that the …