Background The gastrointestinal peptide hormone ghrelin was discovered in 1999 as the
endogenous ligand of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor. Increasing evidence …

The life of all animals is dominated by alternating feelings of hunger and satiety—the main
involuntary motivations for feeding-related behaviour. Gut bacteria depend fully on their host …

Ghrelin, a gastric-derived acylated peptide, regulates energy homeostasis by transmitting
information about peripheral nutritional status to the brain, and is essential for protecting …

The mammalian circadian system, which is comprised of multiple cellular clocks located in
the organs and tissues, orchestrates their regulation in a hierarchical manner throughout the …

Drug addiction and obesity appear to share several properties. Both can be defined as
disorders in which the saliency of a specific type of reward (food or drug) becomes …

Dopamine neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA DA) respond to food and social
stimuli and contribute to both forms of motivation. However, it is unclear whether the same or …

Mood disorders are serious diseases that affect a large portion of the population. There have
been many hypotheses put forth over the years to explain the development of major …

Food is consumed in order to maintain energy balance at homeostatic levels. In addition,
palatable food is also consumed for its hedonic properties independent of energy status …

The a 28-amino acid peptide ghrelin was discovered in 1999 as a growth hormone (GH)
releasing peptide. Soon after its discovery, ghrelin was found to increase body weight and …

Our brains are hardwired to respond and seek immediate rewards. Thus, it is not surprising
that many people overeat, which in some can result in obesity, whereas others take drugs …