Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases (NOX) are enzymes that
generate superoxide or hydrogen peroxide from molecular oxygen utilizing NADPH as an …

Despite the damaging effect on tissues at a high concentration, it has been gradually
established that oxidative stress plays a positive role during angiogenesis. In adults …

Diabetic retinopathy (DR), a microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus (DM), remains
as one of the major causes of vision loss worldwide. The release of pro-inflammatory …

The retina resides in an environment that is primed for the generation of reactive oxygen
species (ROS) and resultant oxidative damage. The retina is one of the highest oxygen …

Age-related diseases, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD), are of growing
importance in a world where population ageing has become a dominant global trend …

NADPH oxidase (Nox) has a dedicated function of generating reactive oxygen species
(ROS). Accumulating evidence suggests that Nox has an important role in signal …

Collectively, angiogenic ocular conditions represent the leading cause of irreversible vision
loss in developed countries. In the US, for example, retinopathy of prematurity, diabetic …

Hydroethidine (HE; or dihydroethidium) is the most popular fluorogenic probe used for
detecting intracellular superoxide radical anion. The reaction between superoxide and HE …

Angiogenesis is essential for tumor growth, metastasis, arteriosclerosis as well as embryonic
development and wound healing. Its process is dependent on cell proliferation, migration …

Increasing evidence points to inflammation as one of the key players in diabetes-mediating
adverse effects to the neuronal and vascular components of the retina. Sustained …