Heme oxygenases (HO) catabolize free heme, that is, iron (Fe) protoporphyrin (IX), into
equimolar amounts of Fe2+, carbon monoxide (CO), and biliverdin. The stress-responsive …

Hemolysis is a pathological feature of several diseases of diverse etiology such as
hereditary anemias, malaria, and sepsis. A major complication of hemolysis involves the …

Neutrophil gelatinase–associated lipocalin (Ngal), also known as siderocalin, forms a
complex with iron-binding siderophores (Ngal: siderophore: Fe). This complex converts …

Worldwide the prevalence of preeclampsia (PE) ranges from 3 to 8% of pregnancies. 8.5
million cases are reported yearly, but this is probably an underestimate due to the lack of …

Preeclampsia is a leading cause of pregnancy complications and affects 3–7% of pregnant
women. This review summarizes the current knowledge of a new potential etiology of the …

Heme is an essential molecule in aerobic organisms. Heme consists of protoporphyrin IX
and a ferrous (Fe2+) iron atom, which has high affinity for oxygen (O2). Hemoglobin, the …

Release of hemoglobin into plasma is a physiological phenomenon associated with
intravascular hemolysis. In plasma, stable haptoglobin‐hemoglobin complexes are formed …

Many nervous system pathologies are associated with increased levels of apolipoprotein D
(ApoD), a lipocalin also expressed during normal development and aging. An ApoD …

Hemolytic diseases such as sickle-cell disease, β-thalassemia, malaria, and autoimmune
hemolytic anemia continue to present serious clinical hurdles. In these diseases, lysis of …

In recent years, the heme catabolic pathway is considered to play an important regulatory
role in cell protection, apoptosis, inflammation, and other physiological and pathological …