Background and aim Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory
disease; the clinical manifestations are correlated with continuum multiarticular synovitis …

Monocytes are considered to be precursor cells of the mononuclear phagocytic system, and
macrophages are one of the leading members of this cellular system. Macrophages play …

Since their original discovery as regulators of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) secretion
and erythropoiesis, the TGF-β family members activin and inhibin have been shown to …

Macrophage activation is a central event in immune responses. Macrophages undergoing
classical activation (M1 macrophages) are proinflammatory, whereas alternatively activated …

Macrophages demonstrate a high level of plasticity, with the ability to undergo dynamic
transition between M1 and M2 polarized phenotypes. The role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in …

Background Nitric oxide-releasing drugs are used for cardiovascular diseases; however,
their effects on the tumor immune microenvironment are less clear. Therefore, this study …

Besides its role as a neurotransmitter, serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5HT) regulates
inflammation and tissue repair via a set of receptors (5HT 1–7) whose pattern of expression …

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease whose pathogenesis and
severity correlates with the presence of macrophage‐derived pro‐inflammatory cytokines …

Tissue hypoxia occurs when local oxygen demand exceeds oxygen supply. In chronic
inflammatory conditions such as IBD, the increased oxygen demand by resident and gut …

Balancing selection maintains advantageous diversity in populations through various
mechanisms. Although extensively explored from a theoretical perspective, an empirical …