The long history of life on Earth has unfolded as a cause-and-effect relationship with the
evolving amount of oxygen (O2) in the oceans and atmosphere. Oxygen deficiency …

Abstract The 'Cambrian Explosion'describes the rapid increase in animal diversity and
abundance, as manifest in the fossil record, between~ 540 and 520 million years ago (Ma) …

Geological evidence indicates that grounded ice sheets reached sea level at all latitudes
during two long-lived Cryogenian (58 and≥ 5 My) glaciations. Combined uranium-lead and …

The transition from dominant bacterial to eukaryotic marine primary productivity was one of
the most profound ecological revolutions in the Earth's history, reorganizing the distribution …

The first significant buildup in atmospheric oxygen, the Great Oxidation Event (GOE), began
in the early Paleoproterozoic in association with global glaciations and continued until the …

Mapping the history of atmospheric O2 during the late Precambrian is vital for evaluating
potential links to animal evolution. Ancient O2 levels are often inferred from geochemical …

The integration of fossils, phylogeny, and geochronology has resulted in an increasingly
well-resolved timetable of evolution. Life appears to have taken root before the earliest …

The ocean in Jupiter's moon Europa may have redox balance similar to Earth's. On Earth,
low‐temperature hydration of crustal olivine produces substantial hydrogen, comparable to …

The rapid diversification of early animals during the Ediacaran (635–541 Ma) and early
Cambrian (ca. 541–509 Ma) has frequently been attributed to increasing oceanic …

The emergence and diversification of early animals is commonly thought to have coincided
with atmosphere and ocean oxygenation across the terminal Neoproterozoic and early …