Epidemiological evidence links an individual's susceptibility to chronic disease in adult life to
events during their intrauterine phase of development. Biologically this should not be …

Eukaryotic mitochondria resulted from symbiotic incorporation of α-proteobacteria into
ancient archaea species. During evolution, mitochondria lost most of the prokaryotic …

Low levels of oxygen (O2) occur naturally in developing embryos. Cells respond to their
hypoxic microenvironment by stimulating several hypoxia-inducible factors (and other …

Oocytes and preimplantation embryos require careful regulation of the redox environment
for optimal development both in vivo and in vitro. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are …

The division, differentiation, and function of stem cells and multipotent progenitors are
influenced by complex signals in the microenvironment, including oxygen availability. Using …

Early-stage mammalian embryos develop in a low O2 environment (hypoxia). hES cells,
however, are generally cultured under an atmosphere of 21% O2 (normoxia), under which …

Human embryonic stem (hES) cells are routinely cultured under atmospheric, 20% oxygen
tensions but are derived from embryos which reside in a 3–5% oxygen (hypoxic) …

Many factors affect development of mammalian preimplantation embryos in vitro. It is well
known that in vitro development of bovine embryos is highly affected by culture condition …

In the efforts aimed at improving the quality of in-vitro-matured human oocytes, the dynamic
balance and roles of pro-/antioxidants merit further consideration. In-vitromaturation (IVM) is …

Background Dynamic changes of histone posttranslational modifications are important
contexts of epigenetic reprograming after fertilization in pre-implantation embryos. Recently …