The photophysical and photochemical reactions, after light absorption by a photosynthetic
pigment–protein complex, are among the fastest events in biology, taking place on …

Carotenoids (CARs) are a group of pigments that perform several important physiological
functions in all kingdoms of living organisms. CARs serve as protective agents, which are …

The xanthophyll cycle represents one of the important photoprotection mechanisms in plant
cells. In the present review, we summarize current knowledge about the violaxanthin cycle of …

Photosynthetic organisms transport and convert solar energy with near-unity quantum
efficiency using large protein supercomplexes held in flexible membranes. The individual …

Most life forms on Earth are supported by solar energy harnessed by oxygenic
photosynthesis. In eukaryotes, photosynthesis is achieved by large membrane-embedded …

Plants collect light for photosynthesis using light-harvesting complexes (LHCs)—an array of
chlorophyll proteins that are able to reversibly switch from harvesting to energy-dissipation …

Iron is essential for all life, but it is particularly important to photoautotrophs because of the
many iron-dependent electron transport components in photosynthetic membranes. Since …

Iron limits photosynthetic activity in up to one third of the world's oceans and in many fresh
water environments. When studying the effects of Fe limitation on phytoplankton or their …

Under high irradiance, light becomes dangerous for photosynthetic organisms and they
must protect themselves. Cyanobacteria have developed a simple mechanism, involving a …

Stress in plants can be defined as any external factor that negatively influences plant growth,
productivity, reproductive capacity or survival. As with any living organism, plants have an …