The gut-microbiota, the complex intestinal microbial ecosystem essential to health, is an
emerging concept in medicine. Several studies demonstrate a microbiota-gut-brain …

Ammonia is constantly produced as a metabolic waste from amino acid catabolism in
mammals. Ammonia, the toxic waste metabolite, is resolved in the liver where the urea cycle …

The intestine is a major source of systemic ammonia (NH3); thus, capturing part of gut NH3
may mitigate disease symptoms in conditions of hyperammonemia such as urea cycle …

Objective Lactulose is effective in the treatment and prevention of overt hepatic
encephalopathy (OHE), but there are limited data on its use on microbiota in relations to …

Especially written for qualified nurses working in intensive care units, this comprehensive
text has been developed to be as accessible as possible. This fourth edition has been …

The incidence of cirrhosis is rising, and identification of these patients prior to undergoing
any surgical procedure is crucial. The preoperative risk stratification using validated scores …

Hepatic encephalopathy is a neurological complication resulting from loss of hepatic
function and is associated with poor clinical outcomes. During acute liver failure over 20% of …

Lactulose is a disaccharide used in clinical practice since 1957 and has since been tested in
the treatment of many human disorders, including chronic constipation, hepatic …

Abstract The Chinese Society of Hepatology developed the current guidelines on the
management of hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhosis based on the published evidence and …

Liver cirrhosis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The most common
chronic liver diseases in western countries are alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) and …