Research into TBI biomarkers has accelerated rapidly in the past decade owing to the
heterogeneous nature of TBI pathologies and management, which pose challenges to TBI …

Abstract In 1994, the “danger model” argued that adaptive immune responses are driven
rather by molecules released upon tissue damage than by the recognition of “strange” …

Background Local and systemic inflammatory responses are initiated early after traumatic
brain injury (TBI), and may play a key role in the secondary injury processes resulting in …

Ten percent of deaths worldwide are due to trauma, and it is the third most common cause of
death in the United States. Despite a profound upregulation in procoagulant mechanisms …

Traumatic brain injury has long been associated with abnormal coagulation parameters, but
the exact mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are poorly understood. Coagulopathy …

Traumatic brain injury (TBI)–induced coagulopathy is a common and well-recognized risk for
poor clinical outcomes, but its pathogenesis remains poorly understood, and treatment …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), such as exosomes and microvesicles, are small membrane-
bound vesicles released by cells under various conditions. In a multitude of physiological …

Over the last 10 years, the management of major haemorrhage in trauma patients has
changed radically. This is mainly due to the recognition that many patients who are bleeding …

Diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) pose a significant health challenge, but
despite their diversity, they share many common features and mechanisms. For example …

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with coagulopathy, although it often lacks 2 key
risk factors: severe bleeding and significant fluid resuscitation associated with hemorrhagic …