BACKGROUND Evolution is a strongly historical process, and evolutionary biology is a field
that combines history and science. How the historical nature of evolution affects the …

Evolutionary changes in organismal traits may occur either gradually or suddenly. However,
until recently, there has been little direct information about how phenotypic changes are …

With rare exceptions, spontaneous tumors originate from a single cell. Yet, at the time of
clinical diagnosis, the majority of human tumors display startling heterogeneity in many …

Habitat complexity is one of the most important factors structuring biotic assemblages, yet we
still lack basic understanding of the underlying mechanisms. Although it is one of the primary …

One of the central aims of ecology is to identify mechanisms that maintain biodiversity,.
Numerous theoretical models have shown that competing species can coexist if ecological …

The ability to predict the future behavior of an individual cancer is crucial for precision
cancer medicine. The discovery of extensive intratumor heterogeneity and ongoing clonal …

Microorganisms have been mutating and evolving on Earth for billions of years. Now, a field
of research has developed around the idea of using microorganisms to study evolution in …

Epistatic interactions between mutations play a prominent role in evolutionary theories.
Many studies have found that epistasis is widespread, but they have rarely considered …

Successive adaptive radiations have played a pivotal role in the evolution of biological
diversity,,. The effects of adaptive radiation are often seen,,, but the underlying causes are …

The structural dynamics of synapses probably has a crucial role in the development and
plasticity of the nervous system. In the mammalian brain, the vast majority of excitatory axo …