Autophagy is an intracellular degradative process that occurs under several stressful
conditions, including organelle damage, the presence of abnormal proteins, and nutrient …

With the success of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), significant progress has been made
in the field of cancer immunotherapy. Despite the long-lasting outcomes in responders, the …

During tumorigenesis, cancer cells are exposed to a wide variety of intrinsic and extrinsic
stresses that challenge homeostasis and growth. Cancer cells display activation of distinct …

Background and Aims Activation of the antitumor immune response using programmed
death receptor‐1 (PD‐1) blockade showed benefit only in a fraction of patients with …

Metastatic disease is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths and involves critical
interactions between tumor cells and the microenvironment. Hypoxia is a potent …

Importance For more than a decade, sorafenib has been the only systemic treatment option
for patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, rapid progress over …

Tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells such as myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and
tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) form an important component of the hypoxic tumor …

The hypoxic response in cells and tissues is mediated by the family of hypoxia-inducible
factor (HIF) transcription factors; these play an integral role in the metabolic changes that …

Hypoxia is an essential hallmark of several serious diseases such as cardiovascular and
metabolic disorders and cancer. A decline in the tissue oxygen level induces hypoxic …

The complex cross‐talk of intricate intercellular signaling networks between the tumor and
stromal cells promotes cancer progression. Hypoxia is one of the most common conditions …