Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced at low levels in mammalian cells by various
metabolic processes, such as oxidative phosphorylation by the mitochondrial respiratory …

Excess production of reactive oxygen species in the brain has been implicated as a common
underlying risk factor for the pathogenesis of a number of neurodegenerative disorders …

Neuroinflammation is a host defense mechanism associated with neutralization of an insult
and restoration of normal structure and function of brain. Neuroinflammation is a hallmark of …

Cyclooxygenases (COXs) oxidize arachidonic acid to prostaglandin (PG) G 2 and H 2
followed by PG synthases that generates PGs and thromboxane (TX) A 2. COXs are divided …

Ischemic stroke is caused by obstruction of blood flow to the brain, resulting in energy failure
that initiates a complex series of metabolic events, ultimately causing neuronal death. One …

Lipid metabolism is of particular interest due to its high concentration in CNS. The
importance of lipids in cell signaling and tissue physiology is demonstrated by many CNS …

The significance of the hypoxia component of stroke injury is highlighted by hypermetabolic
brain tissue enriched with arachidonic acid (AA), a 22: 6n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid. In an …

Brain development is a sequential anatomical process characterised by specific well-
defined stages of growth and maturation. One of the fundamental and necessary events in …

Astrocytes are the main support cells of the central nervous system. They also participate in
neuroimmune reactions. In response to pathological and immune stimuli, astrocytes …

Reactive oxygen species are known to contribute to tissue damage during injury and
inflammation. However, these species can also be sensed by the cells and trigger …