There is a growing demand for advancing products and renewable technologies worldwide
that rely on rare earth elements (REEs), including those directly necessary for a low-carbon …

Large amounts of waste electric and electronic equipment (WEEE) has been produced due
to continuous technological innovation and the improvement of living standards. Based on …

Electronic waste is an important part of solid waste management around the world. Being a
large part of the solid waste, e-waste contains numerous hazardous components in the form …

E-wastes being potential sources of numerous valuable metals are promoted to undergo
recycling and recovery under the umbrella of urban mining and circular economy. Thus, the …

Rapid urbanization, advancements in science and technology, and the increase in tech-
savviness of consumers have led to an exponential production of a variety of electronic …

Wastes containing critical metals are generated in various fields, such as energy and
computer manufacturing. Metal-bearing wastes are considered as secondary sources of …

The skyrocketing demand and progressive technology have increased our dependency on
electrical and electronic devices. However, the life span of these devices has been …

The rapid pace of innovations and the frequency of replacement of electrical and electronic
equipment has made waste printed circuit boards (WPCB) one of the fastest growing waste …

With the alarming rate of e-waste generation, resource recovery from secondary metal
sources is essential for sustainable resource utilization and to prevent the release of …

E-materials become e-waste once they have been discarded without the intent of reuse. Due
to its rich content of metals, among which many are Critical Raw Materials (CRMs), e-waste …