Clostridium botulinum, a polyphyletic Gram-positive taxon of bacteria, is classified purely by
their ability to produce botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT). BoNT is the primary virulence factor …

Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) is a major therapeutic agent that is licensed in neurological
indications, such as dystonia and spasticity. The BoNT family, which is produced in nature …

Botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT/A) is a metalloprotease that produces a sustained yet
transitory blockade of transmitter release from peripheral nerve terminals. Local delivery of …

Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are potent inhibitors of synaptic vesicle fusion and
transmitter release. The natural target of BoNTs is the peripheral neuromuscular junction …

Recent animal experiments suggested that centrally transported botulinum toxin type A
(BoNT-A) might reduce an abnormal muscle tone, though with an unknown contribution to …

Recent reports suggest that botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) A, which is widely used clinically
to inhibit neurotransmission, can spread within networks of neurons to have distal effects …

Botulinum neurotoxin Type A (BoNT/A) is an effective treatment for several movement
disorders, including spasticity and dystonia. BoNT/A acts by cleaving synaptosomal …

The mechanism of action of botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT/A) is well characterized, but
some published evidence suggests the potential for neuronal retrograde transport and cell …

Local intramuscular injections of botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT/A) are effective in the
treatment of focal dystonias, muscle spasms, and spasticity. However, not all clinical effects …

Background and Purpose Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT/A) injections into hyperactive
muscles provide effective treatment for spasticity and dystonias, presumably due to its local …