Glial cell types were classified less than 100 years ago by del Rio-Hortega. For instance, he
correctly surmised that microglia in pathologic central nervous system (CNS) were …

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that broadly affect cellular and
physiological function in all multicellular organisms. Here, the role of miRNAs in …

Fighting pathogens and maintaining tissue homeostasis are prerequisites for survival. Both
of these functions are upheld by the immune system, though the latter is often overlooked in …

After spinal cord injury, macrophages can exert either beneficial or detrimental effects
depending on their phenotype. Aside from their critical role in inflammatory responses …

Nanotechnology is often associated with materials fabrication, microelectronics, and
microfluidics. Until now, the use of nanotechnology and molecular self assembly in …

Injured axons of the adult CNS undergo lengthy retraction from the initial site of axotomy
after spinal cord injury. Macrophage infiltration correlates spatiotemporally with this …

Traumatic injuries of the central nervous system (CNS) affect millions of people worldwide,
and they can lead to severely damaging consequences such as permanent disability and …

After traumatic spinal cord injury, functional deficits increase as axons die back from the
center of the lesion and the glial scar forms. Axonal dieback occurs in two phases: an initial …

Several studies have shown that minocycline, a semisynthetic, second-generation
tetracycline derivative, is neuroprotective in animal models of central nervous system trauma …

Activated macrophages can promote regeneration of CNS axons. However, macrophages
also release factors that kill neurons. These opposing functions are likely induced …