The use of molecular biomarkers assures that breast cancer (BC) patients receive optimal
treatment. Established biomarkers, such as estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor …

The human c‐ErbB2 (HER2) gene is amplified in∼ 20% of human breast cancers (BCs), but
the protein is overexpressed in∼ 30% of the cases indicating that multiple different …

CD74 is receptor for the cytokine macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF). MIF binding
to CD74 induces a signaling cascade resulting in the release of its cytosolic intracellular …

Haploinsufficiency of tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) indicates that the reduced levels of
proteins in cells that lack one allele of the genomic locus results in the inability of the cell to …

The c-Myb gene encodes a transcription factor that regulates cell proliferation,
differentiation, and apoptosis through protein-protein interaction and transcriptional …

ARF is a tumor suppressor protein that has a pivotal role in the prevention of cancer
development through regulating cell proliferation, senescence, and apoptosis. As a factor …

Alternative splicing is a key molecular mechanism now considered as a hallmark of cancer
that has been associated with the expression of distinct isoforms during the onset and …

Alternative splicing (AS) of mRNA precursors is a ubiquitous mechanism for generating
numerous transcripts with different activities from one genomic locus in mammalian cells …

Tumorigenesis can be induced by various stresses that cause aberrant DNA mutations and
unhindered cell proliferation. Under such conditions, normal cells autonomously induce …

Recent studies have indicated that EGR1 is a direct regulator of tumor suppressors including
TGFβ1, PTEN, and p53. The Myb-like transcription factor Dmp1 is a physiological regulator …