The world has a complex, three-dimensional (3-D) spatial structure, but until recently the
neural representation of space was studied primarily in planar horizontal environments …

More than 100 years since the first maze designed for rodent research, researchers now
have the choice of a variety of mazes that come in many different shapes and sizes. Still old …

Mice are the most widely used model species for drug discovery and scientific research.
Consequently, it is important to refine laboratory procedures and practices to ensure high …

Background Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is known to produce neuroinflammation and memory
impairment. Although phloridzin (a phenolic phytoconstituent) shows antioxidant-and anti …

The spatial world is three dimensional (3D) and humans and other animals move both
horizontally and vertically within it. Extant neuroscientific studies have typically investigated …

Gravity sensing provides a robust verticality signal for three-dimensional navigation. Head
direction cells in the mammalian limbic system implement an allocentric neuronal compass …

We investigated how access to the vertical dimension influences the natural exploratory and
foraging behaviour of rats. Using high-accuracy three-dimensional tracking of position in two …

The black rat (Rattus rattus) is a unique model for studying exploratory tactics due to its
enormous colonizing potential. Considerable behavioral variability and consistent …

Terrains in a 3D world can be undulating. Yet, most prior research has exclusively
investigated spatial representations on a flat surface, leaving a 2D cognitive map as the …

Research on memory and language has been historically studied to understand the role of
verbal memory in language. But it is far from clear how visual memory is involved in …