In the past decade, numerous studies have demonstrated the close relationship between gut
microbiota and the occurrence and development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the …

Indoleamine 2, 3‐dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) catalyzes the initial rate‐limiting step in the
degradation of the essential amino acid tryptophan along the kynurenine pathway. When …

Summary Arginase 1 (Arg1) and indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) are
immunoregulatory enzymes catalyzing the degradation of l-arginine and l-tryptophan …

Over the past years, an increasing amount of evidence has emerged in support of the
kynurenine pathway's (KP) pivotal role in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative …

Metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors respond to glutamate, the major excitatory
neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain, mediating a modulatory role that is critical for …

To evade immune destruction, tumors exploit a wide range of immune escape mechanisms,
including the induction of an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. This is mediated …

l-tryptophan (Trp), an essential amino acid for mammals, is the precursor of a wide array of
immunomodulatory metabolites produced by the kynurenine and serotonin pathways. The …

Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) catalyzes the first step in the kynurenine pathway of
tryptophan (Trp) degradation that produces several biologically active Trp metabolites. l …

Cinnabarinic and xanthurenic acids are kynurenine metabolites generated by oxidative
dimerization of 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid and transamination of 3-hydroxykynurenine …

The tryptophan-degrading enzyme indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) is a plastic
immune checkpoint molecule that potently orchestrates immune responses within the tumor …