The choriocapillaris is the innermost structure of the choroid that directly nourishes the
retinal pigment epithelium and photoreceptors. This article provides an overview of its …

Five vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) ligands (VEGF-A,-B,–C,-D, and
placental growth factor [PlGF]) constitute the VEGF family. VEGF-A binds VEGF receptors 1 …

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a common and devastating disease that can
result in severe visual dysfunction. Over the last decade, great progress has been made in …

Aims/hypothesis Homo sapiens evolved under conditions of intermittent food availability and
prolonged fasting between meals. Periods of fasting are important for recovery from meal …

Retinal endothelial cells line the arborizing microvasculature that supplies and drains the
neural retina. The anatomical and physiological characteristics of these endothelial cells are …

The choroid is a key player in maintaining ocular homeostasis and plays a role in a variety of
chorioretinal diseases, many of which are poorly understood. Recent advances in the field of …

Drugs that prevent the binding of VEGF to its trans-membrane cognate receptors have
revolutionized the treatment of the most important chorioretinal vascular disorders: exudative …

Pathological angiogenesis of the retina is a key component of irreversible causes of
blindness, as observed in proliferative diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular …

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a complication secondary to diabetes and is the number one
cause of blindness among working age individuals worldwide. Despite recent therapeutic …

Advanced age is the most established risk factor for developing age-related macular
degeneration (AMD), one of the leading causes of visual impairment in the elderly, in …