This paper documents a set of facts about the dramatic decline in birth rates in the United
States between 2007 and 2020 and explores possible explanations. The overall reduction in …

Iran has witnessed three major reversals of population policies since their inception in the
1960s. In response to a rapid decline in fertility to very low levels, the latest policy shift has …

This chapter reviews the growing literature on the child quantity–quality (QQ) trade-off.
During the transition from the traditional agricultural economy to modern economic growth …

ABSTRACT US births have fallen steadily since 2007 and the total fertility rate is now well
below replacement level fertility—the rate at which the population replaces itself from one …

We perform a large-scale analysis of the impact of family formation on crime. For mothers,
criminal arrests drop precipitously in the first few months of pregnancy, decreasing 50 …

The Visegrád countries (Hungary, Czech Republic, Poland, and Slovakia) faced a sharp
decline in fertility rates after the regime change in 1989. Since then, total fertility rates have …

Declining fertility and increasing longevity will lead to a slower-growing, older world
population. The share of the world population older than age 65 could increase from 12 …

This paper studies the effects of vehicle ownership restrictions on fertility. We examine
Beijing's license plate lottery system, which began in 2011 and restricts the number of new …

BACKGROUND To increase the lowest fertility rate in the European Union in 2015, combat
poverty, and invest in children's human capital, the Polish government launched a …

Background The single-child issue is a significant contributor to population decline, which
adversely affects both parents and children. Despite government-approved incentives, the …