Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), microbe-associated molecular patterns
(MAMPs), herbivore-associated molecular patterns (HAMPs), and damage-associated …

During their lifetime, plants encounter numerous biotic and abiotic stresses with diverse
modes of attack. Phytohormones, including salicylic acid (SA), ethylene (ET), jasmonate …

Agriculture is largely dependent on climate and is highly vulnerable to climate change. The
global mean surface temperatures are increasing due to global climate change …

Next to numerous abiotic stresses, plants are constantly exposed to a variety of pathogens
within their environment. Thus, their ability to survive and prosper during the course of …

WRKY transcription factors are one of the largest families of transcriptional regulators found
exclusively in plants. They have diverse biological functions in plant disease resistance …

Plants cannot avoid being attacked by an almost infinite number of microorganisms and
insects. Consequently, they arm themselves with molecular weapons against their attackers …

Plants live in complex environments in which they intimately interact with a broad range of
microbial pathogens with different lifestyles and infection strategies. The evolutionary arms …

Plant hormones play important roles in regulating developmental processes and signaling
networks involved in plant responses to a wide range of biotic and abiotic stresses …

Plants cannot move to escape environmental challenges. Biotic stresses result from a
battery of potential pathogens: fungi, bacteria, nematodes and insects intercept the …

Stomata, the small pores on the surfaces of leaves and stalks, regulate the flow of gases in
and out of leaves and thus plants as a whole. They adapt to local and global changes on all …