The physical, chemical, and biological constraints of urban soils often pose limitations for the
growth of tree roots. An understanding of the interrelationships of soil properties is important …

Different mulches have variable effects on soil physical properties and plant growth. This
study aimed to compare the effects of mulching with inorganic (round gravel, RG), organic …

Urban soil quality is often degraded and a challenging substrate for trees. This study was
conducted to assess the impacts of biochar (BC), biosolids (BS), wood chips (WC), compost …

Recent research has improved our understanding of how structural roots of landscape trees
respond to being located abnormally deep in the soil profile. This condition is widespread …

Organic materials are commonly used in urban landscapes to improve soil quality and tree
health. Literature reviews suggest that the effects of organic materials are beneficial, but …

Adverse impacts of planting the root collar or main structural roots below grade on survival
and growth were demonstrated for five species of container-grown trees from genetically …

The relationships of structural root depth, stem girdling roots, stem diameter, and boulevard
width were studied on the condition of four tree species (Acer saccharum L., Celtis …

In many climates, irrigating shrubs during establishment is critical for long-term growth and
survival. However, little research has been conducted to investigate irrigation requirements …

Urban trees are frequently planted with their root collars and structural roots buried well
below soil grade, either because of planting practices, nursery production practices, or both …

Some trees uproot in storms apparently due to root deflections that occur during nursery
production. Root deflection in a nursery container may lead to poor anchorage because of …