Clogging is a major operational and maintenance issue associated with the use of
subsurface flow wetlands for wastewater treatment, and can ultimately limit the lifetime of the …

This paper reviews the state of the art in measuring, modeling, and managing clogging in
subsurface-flow treatment wetlands. Methods for measuring in situ hydraulic conductivity in …

Light expanded clay aggregates (LECA) have been increasingly used as substrate material
for constructed wetlands given their phosphate removal capacity, mechanical strength …

The accumulation of organic matter in substratum pores is regarded as an important factor
causing clogging separately in the subsurface flow constructed wetlands. In this study, the …

Oil palm shell, a waste from palm oil industry, was cleaned and utilized as adsorbent. Its
particle size distribution gave the uniformity coefficient of approximately two indicating that it …

Electric arc furnace steel slag (EAF-slag) and basic oxygen furnace steel slag (BOF-slag)
were used as filter substrates in two horizontal subsurface flow filters (6 m3 each) designed …

This paper presents a simple method for evaluating the degree of clogging of subsurface
flow constructed wetlands based on saturated hydraulic conductivity measurements. The …

Constructed wetland (CW) is a cost-effective and environmentally friendly ecological
technology for contaminated water remediation, especially in dispersed communities and …

Clogging has garnered growing interest as a significant operational and maintenance
concern that affects the sustainable development and implementation of sub-surface flow …

Understanding the influence of attached microbial biomass on water flow in variably
saturated soils is crucial for many engineered flow systems. So far, the investigation of the …