In the first wave of synthetic biology, genetic elements, combined into simple circuits, are
used to control individual cellular functions. In the second wave of synthetic biology, the …

The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-associated (Cas)
system has been rapidly developed as versatile genomic engineering tools with high …

Optogenetics has been used in a variety of microbial engineering applications, such as
chemical and protein production, studies of cell physiology, and engineered microbe–host …

Chemical induction is one of the most common modalities used to manipulate gene
expression in living systems. However, chemical induction can be toxic or expensive that …

Optogenetics involves the use of light to control cellular functions and has become
increasingly popular in various areas of research, especially in the precise control of gene …

Optogenetic systems use genetically encoded light-sensitive proteins to control cellular
processes. This provides the potential to orthogonally control cells with light; however, these …

Near-infrared fluorescent protein (iRFP) is a bright and stable fluorescent protein with near-
infrared excitation and emission maxima. Unlike the other conventional fluorescent proteins …

CRISPR-based base editors (BEs) are powerful tools for precise nucleotide substitution in a
wide range of organisms, but spatiotemporal control of base editing remains a daunting …

Optogenetics refers to the control of biological processes with light. The activation of cellular
phenomena by defined wavelengths has several advantages compared with traditional …

Since the neurobiological inception of optogenetics, light‐controlled molecular perturbations
have been applied in many scientific disciplines to both manipulate and observe cellular …